The identification and action of carcinogens

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Carcinogens can be identified y both epidemiological and experimental approaches Sulk stances that can cause cancer, called carcinogens, have been identified by two general approaches. The first is epidemiological analysis of cancer frequencies in indifferent human populations. In some cases, epidemiological studies have been able to establish specific causative factors related to increases cancer incidence. A striking example, discussed in detail below, is the increase frequency of lung cancer among cigarette smokers. The second general approach to identification of carcinogens is the testing of suspected agents for the ability to cause cancer in experimental animals. These two approaches are complementary